@article{oai:bunkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp:00003110,
 author = {Brown, R. A.},
 journal = {情報研究, Information and Communication Studies},
 month = {2006-07-01, 2010-02-01},
 note = {Self-aggrandizement in the form of"better than average"self-evaluations co-occur with and are generally accepted as evidence of high self-esteem in North Americans, who typically evaluate themselves as better than average and express high self-esteem. This pattern has been viewed as universal. But studies in Japan have consistently failed to find high self-esteem and self-aggrandizement, leading some to question whether the tendency to self-aggrandize in the service of self-esteem is indeed universal. One sample of Japanese college students (n = 72) rated themselves on 35 personality traits relative to average college students. A second sample (n = 107) rated themselves on a different set of 23 personality traits and also completed the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. The results indicate that Japanese do self-aggrandize, and that self-esteem is associated with self-aggrandizement. However, because a majority of participants, particularly female students, evaluate themselves as average, both self-aggrandizement and self-esteem tend to be moderate rather than high. It is concluded that Japanese differ from North Americans primarily in that relatively fewer Japanese people maintain illusory self-beliefs.},
 pages = {17--34},
 title = {Self-Effacement Tendency and Self-Esteem in Japanese College Students},
 volume = {35},
 year = {}
}