{"created":"2023-05-15T14:21:57.624937+00:00","id":3771,"links":{},"metadata":{"_buckets":{"deposit":"88c65be9-13de-40dc-b2e6-1dc39ab4f858"},"_deposit":{"created_by":3,"id":"3771","owners":[3],"pid":{"revision_id":0,"type":"depid","value":"3771"},"status":"published"},"_oai":{"id":"oai:bunkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp:00003771","sets":["1:27:209"]},"author_link":["4821"],"item_5_biblio_info_13":{"attribute_name":"書誌情報","attribute_value_mlt":[{"bibliographicIssueDates":{"bibliographicIssueDate":"1995-01-01"},"bibliographicPageEnd":"61","bibliographicPageStart":"45","bibliographicVolumeNumber":"5","bibliographic_titles":[{"bibliographic_title":"文教大学国際学部紀要"},{"bibliographic_title":"Journal of the Faculty of International Studies Bunkyo University"}]}]},"item_5_date_43":{"attribute_name":"作成日","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_date_issued_datetime":"2011-02-23"}]},"item_5_description_12":{"attribute_name":"抄録","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"　The urban neighborhood association in Japan called Chonaikai has been more often than not criticized by many social scientists. Following are the arguments used to criticize it. (1) The Chonaikai is the successor of the Goningumi, or five-man team, which the feudal goverment forced townspeople to organize as a means to control them, hence it survives as a remnant of the feudal institution. Because of this it is classified into the premodern social group. (2) Its survival has been guaranteed by government engineering. Thus it is a goverment-made organization, not one that emerged spontaneously among people living in the city areas of Japan. (3) During the wartime the Chonaikai proved to be an effective tool to mobilize urban people for home front activities. Thus it always has a tendency to side with militaristic regimes, if they arise again.\n　Against these arguments this paper presents counterevidence according to available historical records. As for its relation with the Goningumi, the Chonaikai could not be its successor because the institution of Gonigumi was completely abolished at the time of the Meiji Restoration and its membership system and function were different from those of the Chonaikai. Historical records reveal that, though the government took no measures, people in Tokyo spontaneously organized Chonaikai in many neighborhoods and that there were a number of historical incidents that stimulated its organization, the most salient one being the great Kanto earthquake.\n　It is true that the Chonaikai has characteristics which may be viewes as premodern, that is, the all-inclusive membership of a neighborhood and functional undifferentiation. But if we are not entrapped by the textbook definition of a premodern group, we can perceive through historical records that the Chonaikai came to include all households of a neighborhood because it changed from a closed group to an open one. Concerning its undifferentiation of function which, seen otherwise, serves multiple functions, it is found that the Chonaikai came to serve more functions to meet the growing complexity of urban life. Thus the Chonaikai is not an organization that lagged behind social progress.\n　During the wartime Chonaikai did cooperate with military activities. But it was not Chonaikai alone that cooperated. All segments of the Japanese society then eagerly worked to enhance belligerent activities, including universities and religious institutions. Therefore Chonaikai was forced to cooperate , so they did not do so on their own initiative. After the first world war when the spirit of democracy and world peace was prevailing in Japan, there were one Chonaikai which named iteslf as \"\"the peace association\"\" and another one which announced that the principle of its management was democracy.\n\\n　現在のほとんどすべての発展途上国では都市部におびただしい数のスラムやスクォッターを抱えており,そこでは住民が劣悪な居住条件と生活環境に耐えている。その解消は抜本的には一国の経済水準の飛躍的上昇を俟たねばならないであろうが,差当っての対策としてしばしば指摘されてきたのは,内部の住民による自らの組織化であり,その組織によって住民が主体的に住環境の改善に努めることである。それは防災や衛生といった点での効果を生み,また住民の生活向上意欲を高めることになり,それが経済面に跳ね返って経済水準の上昇に寄与すると期待されている。このような期待から唱えられるようになったのがコミュニイ・デベロップメントであり,これは途上国の,最初は農村に,後には都市部においても実施されるようになったのであるが,その推進には国連も中心的役割を果たしていた。\n　途上国に対してこのような関心が寄せられる時,非西欧社会の中で最も早く近代化に成功したと言われ,その経済力も西欧水準に到達した日本では,そのようになる以前,特に戦前期には都市部で住民の間にどのような組織化が行われていたかという点は,今日の途上国の生活水準の上昇を求めており,上記のようにその方法の一つとしてコミュニィティ・デベロップメントに期待を寄せている人達にとっては,強い関心の向けられる参考例になるのではないかと思われる。\n　ところで地域住民の組織化といった場合,わが国の都市部でほ町内会がほとんど全域に普及した組織であった。したがってこのような関心に対して絶対に取り上げねばならない対象であることには異論がないとおもわれる。このような問題意識から戦前期の東京における町内会について検討を試みたので,その結果として知り得たことを述べることとする。なお対象地域を東京としたのは,一つにはそれが徳川時代から今日に至るまで常に日本の最大都市であり続けたので,そこで起こったことが日本の都市部の代表的事例になるであろうという見地からであったが,いま一つの理由は,ことに町内会に関しては東京の場合が最も多く資料を得られたからである。\n　なお町内会に関しては,それが戦時中は戦争遂行のための国民総動員組織として有効な役割を果たしたことは,今日でも常に語り伝えられているところである。渉猟し得た資料に関しても戦時中のものには町内会を戦争協力の立場から扱い声高な論調が目立っている。現在はその反動として当時の町内会をもって戦前期町内会の性格のすべてを規定するとか,あるいは当時の町内会にたいする価値評価から戦前期町内会を常に否定的に捉えようとする傾向があるように感じられる。しかし筆者は可能な限り客観的態度保ちたいと考えたところから,資料に関してもこのような戦時中のものはなるべく避けることとし,もし利用する場合は十分な注意を払うこととした。本文での行論の展開においても,戦争期に至る以前の時期の町内会のことが中心部分を占め,戦時中の動きに関しては多少は扱わないわけではないとしても,極めて部分的な範囲でのみ取り上げる予定である。","subitem_description_type":"Abstract"}]},"item_5_description_38":{"attribute_name":"フォーマット","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_description":"application/pdf","subitem_description_type":"Other"}]},"item_5_source_id_19":{"attribute_name":"ISSN","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_source_identifier":"09173072"}]},"item_5_text_39":{"attribute_name":"本文言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"日本語"}]},"item_5_text_42":{"attribute_name":"ID","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"BKSK050005"}]},"item_5_text_7":{"attribute_name":"Author","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"Nakamura, Hachiro"}]},"item_5_text_8":{"attribute_name":"所属機関","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"文教大学国際学部"}]},"item_5_text_9":{"attribute_name":"Institution","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_text_value":"The Faculty of International Studies, Bunkyo University"}]},"item_5_version_type_35":{"attribute_name":"著者版フラグ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_version_type":"VoR"}]},"item_creator":{"attribute_name":"著者","attribute_type":"creator","attribute_value_mlt":[{"creatorNames":[{"creatorName":"中村, 八朗"}],"nameIdentifiers":[{}]}]},"item_files":{"attribute_name":"ファイル情報","attribute_type":"file","attribute_value_mlt":[{"accessrole":"open_date","date":[{"dateType":"Available","dateValue":"2018-03-24"}],"displaytype":"detail","filename":"BKSK050005.pdf","filesize":[{"value":"1.7 MB"}],"format":"application/pdf","licensetype":"license_note","mimetype":"application/pdf","url":{"label":"BKSK050005.pdf","url":"https://bunkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp/record/3771/files/BKSK050005.pdf"},"version_id":"33ad0c7c-8591-40cc-bca8-915bf5821e2b"}]},"item_language":{"attribute_name":"言語","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_language":"jpn"}]},"item_resource_type":{"attribute_name":"資源タイプ","attribute_value_mlt":[{"resourcetype":"departmental bulletin paper","resourceuri":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501"}]},"item_title":"臨戦体制期前の町内会 : 東京市の場合について","item_titles":{"attribute_name":"タイトル","attribute_value_mlt":[{"subitem_title":"臨戦体制期前の町内会 : 東京市の場合について"},{"subitem_title":"The Development of Chonaikai in Tokyo before The Last War"}]},"item_type_id":"5","owner":"3","path":["209"],"pubdate":{"attribute_name":"公開日","attribute_value":"2011-02-24"},"publish_date":"2011-02-24","publish_status":"0","recid":"3771","relation_version_is_last":true,"title":["臨戦体制期前の町内会 : 東京市の場合について"],"weko_creator_id":"3","weko_shared_id":-1},"updated":"2023-05-15T17:47:24.583792+00:00"}