@article{oai:bunkyo.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000679,
 author = {八代, 隆政},
 journal = {言語と文化, Language and Culture},
 month = {2000-03-01, 2010-10-19},
 note = {Given transitive and intransitive sentence constructions, there are ideally two types of languages; nominative-accusative languages and ergative-absolutive languages. In a nominative-accusative language like Latin, the subject of an intransitive verb is functionally identified in some manner with the subject of a transitive verb, and two are referred to as nominative case. In an ergative-absolutive language, commonly termed merely 'ergative language', there is a functional identity between the subject of an intransitive and the object of a transitive; these two are termed absolutives or absolutive case. The subject of a transitive verb, called the ergative case or ergative, is distinct.
A good number of ergative languages, which are generally referred to as split ergative languages, assign varying case-marking patterns on the basis of tense or aspect. For example, Urdu, Hindi and Punjabi show the ergative-absolutive patterning only in the perfect aspect. Pashto accepts the nominative-accusative construction in the non-past tense and the ergative-absolutive construction in the past tense.
This paper is devoted to a consideration of the split ergative phenomenon in Urdu and Pashto. The first two sections show certain general characteristics that have been noted in ergative and split ergative languages. Section 3 covers some matters related to the ergativity of these two languages ranging from morphological to syntactic. Section 4 examines the particular features in Urdu's perfect aspect of the case-marking pattern based on the semantics of the verb, with volitional verbs requiring the ergative-absolutive pattern and non-volitional verbs being of the nominative-accusative pattern.},
 pages = {88--114},
 title = {ウルドゥー語とパシュトー語の比較研究 : 能格構造を中心として},
 volume = {12},
 year = {}
}